What we cover
What Analysis and Approaches covers, topic by topic
The IB guide groups the course into five topics and a toolkit for inquiry, recommending 240 teaching hours for HL and 150 for SL. HL covers every SL topic plus additional higher level (AHL) content.
Topic names follow the IB guide first examined in 2021. The revised course that begins teaching in August 2027 appears in the exam section.
Number and algebra
SL and HLSequences and series, exponents and logarithms, the binomial theorem and first proofs. Log laws and exact arithmetic are where Paper 1 marks slip when class practice leans on the calculator.
- Arithmetic and geometric series
- Logarithm laws
- Binomial expansion
Proof and complex numbers
HL onlyCounting principles, partial fractions, complex numbers in Cartesian, polar and Euler form, De Moivre's theorem, and proof by induction and contradiction. Learners often know the result and lose marks on structure.
- Proof by induction
- De Moivre's theorem
- Permutations and combinations
Functions
SL and HLDomain and range, composite and inverse functions, quadratic, rational, exponential and logarithmic functions, and graph transformations. HL adds polynomials, modulus functions and inequalities. Transformation order is a classic trap.
- Composite and inverse functions
- Graph transformations
- Factor and remainder theorems (HL)
Geometry and trigonometry
SL and HLVolumes and surface areas of solids, sine and cosine rules, radians, the unit circle, identities and trigonometric equations. Solutions go missing when an equation has several answers in the interval.
- Unit circle
- Double angle identities
- Trigonometric equations
Vectors in three dimensions
HL onlyVector equations of lines and planes, scalar and vector products, angles and intersections. The algebra is steady; the real work is picturing the geometry before any calculation starts.
- Lines and planes
- Scalar and vector products
Statistics and probability
SL and HLSampling, data summaries, linear regression, conditional probability, and the binomial and normal distributions. HL adds Bayes' theorem and continuous random variables. Phrases such as "at least" and "given that" decide the method.
- Conditional probability
- Normal distribution
- Bayes' theorem (HL)
Differential and integral calculus
SL and HLLimits, derivatives with the chain, product and quotient rules, maxima and minima, kinematics, and definite integrals for areas. Choosing the right rule in a long question is harder than applying it.
- Optimisation
- Kinematics
- Area under a curve
Further calculus
HL onlyContinuity and differentiability, L'Hôpital's rule, implicit differentiation, related rates, integration by substitution and by parts, volumes of revolution, first-order differential equations with Euler's method, and Maclaurin series.
- Related rates
- Integration by parts
- Maclaurin series
Toolkit and the exploration
SL and HLInquiry, modelling and technology skills that lead into the Internal Assessment: an individual written exploration of an area of mathematics, about 12 to 20 double-spaced pages long.
- Choosing an aim
- Mathematical communication
- Reflection